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A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but with various ranks and under several different names. The APG IV system recognises its monophyly but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank, and instead uses the term "monocots" to refer to the group. Monocotyledons are contrasted with the dicotyledons, which have two
Cotyledon from a Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum, a dicot) seedling Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting. The visible part of the monocot plant (left) is actually the first true leaf produced from the meristem; the cotyledon itself remains within the seed Schematic of epigeal vs hypogeal germination Peanut seeds split in half, showing the embryos with cotyledons and primordial root Two ...
Dicotyledon plantlet Young castor oil plant showing its prominent two embryonic leaves (), which differ from the adult leaves. The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), [2] are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided.
Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses.
However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982 [4] and revised in 1985. [5] His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death. [6] Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders.
This fixed the position of Gymnosperms as a class distinct from Dicotyledons, and the term Angiosperm then, gradually, came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants (other than Gymnosperms), including the classes of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. [4] This is the sense in which the term is used, today. [5]
The term means "true dicotyledons", as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have characteristics of the dicots. One of the genetic traits which defines the eudicots is the duplication of DELLA protein-encoding genes in their most recent common ancestor . [ 4 ]
In the Takhtajan system and the Cronquist system, the name was used for the group known as dicotyledons. The Takhtajan system used this internal taxonomy: class Magnoliopsida (= dicotyledons) subclass Magnoliidae; subclass Nymphaeidae; subclass Nelumbonidae; subclass Ranunculidae; subclass Caryophyllidae; subclass Hamamelididae; subclass ...