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Capsaicin and several related amides (capsaicinoids) are produced as secondary metabolites by chili peppers, likely as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi. [9] Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, highly pungent (i.e., spicy) crystalline solid. [2]
The substances that give chili peppers their pungency (spicy heat) when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and several related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids. [30] [31] Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, and crystalline-to-waxy solid at room temperature. [32]
Like capsaicin, it is an irritant.Nordihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 7% of the total capsaicinoids mixture [2] and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure nordihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy solid.
Resiniferatoxin has a score of 16 billion Scoville heat units, making pure resiniferatoxin about 500 to 1000 times hotter than pure capsaicin. [3] [4] Resiniferatoxin activates transient vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons involved in nociception, the transmission of physiological pain.
Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum spray, OC spray, capsaicin spray, mace, or capsicum spray is a lachrymator (tear gas) product containing the compound capsaicin as the active ingredient that irritates the eyes to cause burning and pain sensations, as well as temporary blindness. Its inflammatory effects cause the eyes to close, temporarily ...
For comparison, Tabasco red pepper sauce rates at 2,500–5,000, and pure capsaicin (the chemical responsible for the pungency of pepper plants) rates at 16,000,000 SHUs. In 2005, New Mexico State University 's Chile Pepper Institute in Las Cruces, New Mexico , [ 20 ] found ghost peppers grown from seed in southern New Mexico to have a Scoville ...
Pepper X resulted from several cross breedings that produced an exceptionally high content of capsaicin in the locules – the plant tissue holding the seeds. [2] The extensive curves and ridges of a Pepper X chili create more surface area for the plant placenta and locules to grow and retain capsaicin, adding to the intensity of heat experienced when a Pepper X is eaten. [2]
The heat, or burning sensation, experienced when consuming hot sauce is caused by capsaicin and related capsaicinoids. The burning sensation is caused by the capsaicin activation of the TRPV1 heat and ligand-gated ion channel in peripheral neurons. [18] The mechanism of action is then a chemical interaction with the neurological system.