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The past participle forms the perfect aspect with the auxiliary verb have: The chicken has eaten. 5. The past participle is used to form passive voice: The chicken was eaten. Such passive participles can appear in an adjectival phrase: The chicken eaten by the children was contaminated. Adverbially:
English past participles have both active and passive uses. In a passive use, an object or preposition complement becomes zero, the gap being understood to be filled by the noun phrase the participle modifies (compare similar uses of the to-infinitive above). Uses of past participles and participial phrases introduced by them are as follows:
she te PAST Ø COP an in Ayiti. Haiti. Li te Ø an Ayiti. she PAST COP in Haiti. "She was in Haiti." 1b) Liv-la book-the Ø COP jon. yellow. Liv-la Ø jon. book-the COP yellow. "The book is yellow." 1c) Timoun-yo Kids-the Ø COP lakay. home. Timoun-yo Ø lakay. Kids-the COP home. "The kids are [at] home." 2. Use se when the complement is a noun phrase. But, whereas other verbs come after any ...
The preterite and past participle forms of irregular verbs follow certain patterns. These include ending in -t (e.g. build, bend, send), stem changes (whether it is a vowel, such as in sit, win or hold, or a consonant, such as in teach and seek, that changes), or adding the [n] suffix to the past participle form (e.g. drive, show, rise ...
(For some irregular verbs the form of the infinitive coincides additionally with that of the past tense and/or past participle, like in the case of put.) Certain auxiliary verbs are modal verbs (such as can, must, etc., which defective verbs lacking an infinitive form or any truly inflected non-finite form) are complemented by a bare infinitive ...
Differences between the past tense and past participle (as in sing–sang–sung, rise–rose–risen) generally appear in the case of verbs that continue the strong conjugation, or in a few cases weak verbs that have acquired strong-type forms by analogy – as with show (regular past tense showed, strong-type past participle shown).
The past participle of regular verbs is identical to the preterite (past tense) form, described in the previous section. For irregular verbs, see English irregular verbs. Some of these have different past tense and past participle forms (like sing–sang–sung); others have the same form for both (like make–made–made).
French expresses past counterfactual conditional sentences in exactly the same way as English does: the if clause uses the had + past participle form, while the then clause uses the would have + past participle form, where the equivalent of would have is the conditional of the auxiliary (avoir or être) used in all perfect constructions for the verb in question.