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The Berlin Crisis of 1961 (German: Berlin-Krise) was the last major European political and military incident of the Cold War concerning the status of the German capital city, Berlin, and of post–World War II Germany. The crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall.
The political history of East Germany had four periods: [80] 1949–1961, which saw the building of socialism; 1961–1970, after the Berlin Wall closed off escape, was a period of stability and consolidation; 1971–1985 was termed the "Honecker Era", and saw closer ties with West Germany; and 1985–1990 saw the decline and extinction of East ...
The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR (2002) Steiner, André. The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of East Germany, 1945–1989 (2010) Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises" History Today (June 1962) Vol. 6, p375-384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online.
In August 1961, the East German Government tried to stop the population exodus by separating West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. It was very dangerous for fleeing residents to cross because armed soldiers were trained to shoot illegal emigrants. [3] East Germany was a socialist republic. Eventually, Christian churches were allowed to operate ...
At the Yalta Conference, held in February 1945, the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union agreed on the division of Germany into occupation zones.Soviet leader Joseph Stalin favored the maintenance of German unity, but supported its division among the Allies, a view that he reiterated at Potsdam. [2]
By 1960, the combination of World War II and the massive emigration westward left East Germany with only 61% of its population of working age, compared to 70.5% before the war. The loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals: engineers, technicians, physicians, teachers, lawyers, and skilled workers.
1961 1974 Angolan War of Independence Part of the Portuguese Colonial War: FNLA UNITA MPLA FLEC Portugal South Africa: 1961 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba United States Brigade 2506: 1961 1962 French military rebellion in Algeria [17] [18] Part of the Algerian War France: OAS: 1961 1990 Nicaraguan Revolution: FSLN: Contras Nicaragua: 1961 1961 ...
On 13 October 1961, Westfälische Rundschau journalist Kurt Lichtenstein was shot on the border near the village of Zicherie after he attempted to speak with East German farm workers. His death aroused condemnation across the political spectrum in West Germany; he was a former parliamentary representative of the German Communist Party. [ 36 ]