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Air pollution in Turkey, such as fine dust from traffic, is a serious problem in Istanbul. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although the historic peninsula was partially pedestrianised in the early 21st century, [ 3 ] a 2015 study found that this is the part of the city which would benefit most from a low emission zone . [ 4 ]
The seven hills, all located in the area within the walls, first appeared when the valleys of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus were opened up during the Secondary and Tertiary periods. In the Ottoman Age , as in the earlier Byzantine period, each hill was surmounted by monumental religious buildings (churches under the Byzantines, imperial ...
Map of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), designed in 1422 by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti. This is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only surviving map that predates the Turkish conquest of 1453. The Bosporus is visible along the right-hand side of the map, wrapping vertically around the historic city.
A map of Istanbul, 1911. The architecture of Istanbul describes a large mixture of structures which reflect the many influences that have made an indelible mark in all districts of the city. The ancient part of the city (the historic peninsula) is still partially surrounded by the Walls of Constantinople , erected in the 5th century by Emperor ...
Maiden's Tower and the Seraglio Point Map of Constantinople (1422) by Florentine cartographer Cristoforo Buondelmonti, showing Pera at the north of the Golden Horn, Constantinople at south, and the Maiden's Tower at right, in the sea, off the coast of Üsküdar on the Asian side of the Bosphorus Maiden's Tower at the southern entrance of the Bosphorus, with the Seraglio Point in the background ...
"A Lost Map of Columbus": by Paul Kahle (1933), JSTOR 209247. English translations and map using a different numbering system. Key to the Piri Reis Map: Numbered English translations by Afet İnan and Leman Yolaç (1954) and a map with the numbering errors printed in Hapgood's Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings (1966), via sacred-texts.com.
The city, known alternatively in Ottoman Turkish as Ḳosṭanṭīnīye (قسطنطينيه after the Arabic form al-Qusṭanṭīniyyah القسطنطينية) or Istanbul, while its Christian minorities continued to call it Constantinople, as did people writing in French, English, and other European languages, was the capital of the Ottoman ...
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