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The test is formatted with 60 different personality traits which participants rate themselves based on a 7-point Likert scale. Traits are evenly dispersed, 20 masculine, 20 feminine, and 20 filler traits thought to be gender neutral. [3] All traits in the BSRI are positively valued personality aspects. [4]
"A real man enjoys a bit of danger now and then." "A man always deserves the respect of his wife and children." Living life on the edge through an outgoing spirit of adventure [6] Sometimes an unsuccessful man is acclaimed for his masculinity simply because it is known that he will use force at the slightest excuse. [7]
Carl Jung described the animus as the unconscious masculine side of a woman, and the anima as the unconscious feminine side of a man, each transcending the personal psyche. [1] They are considered animistic parts within the Self, with Jung viewing parts of the self as part of the infinite set of archetypes within the collective unconscious. [2]
The idea was picked up in 1959 by Canadian-American sociologist Erving Goffman [13] and in 1990 by American philosopher Judith Butler, [14] who theorized that gender is not fixed or inherent but is rather a socially defined set of practices and traits that have, over time, grown to become labelled as feminine or masculine. [15]
Effeminacy or male femininity [1] [2] is the embodiment of feminine traits in boys or men, particularly those considered untypical of men or masculinity. [3] These traits include roles, stereotypes, behaviors, and appearances that are socially associated with girls and women.
In men and boys, masculine gender expression is often described as manly, while atypical or feminine expression is known as effeminate. [14] In girls and young women, atypically masculine expression is called tomboyish. In lesbian and queer women, masculine and feminine expressions are known as butch and femme respectively.
Cross-sex-typed individuals process and integrate information that is in line with the opposite gender. Their femininity and masculinity scores are reversed - below the median on the sex-congruent scale and above the median on the sex-incongruent scale. Androgynous individuals process and integrate traits and information from both genders.
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem (June 22, 1944 – May 20, 2014) was an American psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies.Her pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization [1] [2] and gender stereotypes led directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.