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WPA-Personal and WPA2-Personal remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded from the SSID name and its length; rainbow tables exist for the top 1,000 network SSIDs and a multitude of common passwords, requiring only a quick lookup to speed up cracking WPA-PSK. [34]
Sequence diagram for a Wi‑Fi deauthentication attack. Unlike most radio jammers, deauthentication acts in a unique way. The IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) protocol contains the provision for a deauthentication frame. Sending the frame from the access point to a station is called a "sanctioned technique to inform a rogue station that they have been ...
WPA implemented a subset of a draft of 802.11i. The Wi-Fi Alliance refers to their approved, interoperable implementation of the full 802.11i as WPA2 , also called RSN (Robust Security Network). 802.11i makes use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher , whereas WEP and WPA use the RC4 stream cipher .
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP / t iː ˈ k ɪ p /) is a security protocol used in the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard. TKIP was designed by the IEEE 802.11i task group and the Wi-Fi Alliance as an interim solution to replace WEP without requiring the replacement of legacy hardware.
WPA was designed as an interim software-implementable solution for WEP that could forestall immediate deployment of new hardware. [22] However, TKIP (the basis of WPA) has reached the end of its designed lifetime, has been partially broken, and has been officially deprecated with the release of the 802.11-2012 standard.
The bottom-most protocol in the suite, the Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP), functions as an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like UDP to the upper layers by providing unreliable transport of data with two 16-bit port numbers (origin and destination).
The WPA profile also provides optional support for the AES-CCMP algorithm that is the preferred algorithm in 802.11i and WPA2. WPA Enterprise provides RADIUS based authentication using 802.1X. WPA Personal uses a pre-shared Shared Key to establish the security using an 8 to 63 character passphrase. The PSK may also be entered as a 64 character ...
Note that in the diagram the incorrect label ESSID (Extended Service Set Identifier) refers to the service set identifier. In IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networking standards (including Wi‑Fi ), a service set is a group of wireless network devices which share a service set identifier ( SSID )—typically the natural language label that ...