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Fat necrosis in the breast occurs around 0.6%, this represents 2.75% of lesions that end up being benign. However, 0.8% of fat necrosis occurs from tumors of the breast, 1–9% occurs in breast reduction surgery. Individuals that are high risk include women around the age of 50yrs along with pendulous breasts. [8]
Fat embolism syndrome occurs when fat enters the blood stream (fat embolism) and results in symptoms. [1] Symptoms generally begin within a day. [1] This may include a petechial rash, decreased level of consciousness, and shortness of breath. [1] Other symptoms may include fever and decreased urine output. [2] The risk of death is about 10%. [2]
Treatment of necrosis typically involves two distinct processes: Usually, the underlying cause of the necrosis must be treated before the dead tissue itself can be dealt with. [ citation needed ] Debridement , referring to the removal of dead tissue by surgical or non-surgical means, is the standard therapy for necrosis.
Recurrent ulceration and fat necrosis is associated with lipodermatosclerosis. In advanced lipodermatosclerosis the proximal leg swells from chronic venous obstruction and the lower leg shrinks from chronic ulceration and fat necrosis resulting in the inverted coke bottle appearance of the lower leg.
Caseous necrosis in T.B. is most common site of dystrophic calcification. Liquefactive necrosis in chronic abscesses may get calcified. Fat necrosis following acute pancreatitis or traumatic fat necrosis in breasts results in deposition of calcium soaps. Infarcts may undergo D.C. Thrombi, especially in veins, may produce phleboliths.
Breast and trunk lymphedema can also occur but go unrecognised as there is swelling in the area after surgery, and its symptoms (peau d'orange and an inverted nipple) can be confused with post surgery fat necrosis. [16] Between 38 and 89% of breast cancer patients have lymphedema due to axillary lymph node dissection or radiation.
Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare, chronic skin condition predominantly associated with diabetes mellitus (known as necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum or NLD). [1] It can also occur in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or without any underlying conditions (). [2]
Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is a type of necrosis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass. [1] Often it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections, and can also manifest as one of the symptoms of an internal chemical burn . [ 2 ]