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If pushd is not provided with a path argument, in Unix it instead swaps the top two directories on the stack, which can be used to toggle between two directories. The popd command removes (or 'pops', in the stack analogy) the current path entry from the stack and returns to the path at the top of the stack as the new working directory. [4] [5]
At that moment, the relative path for the desired directory can be represented as: ./bobapples or for short: bobapples and the absolute path for the directory as: /users/mark/bobapples Given bobapples as the relative path for the directory wanted, the following may be typed at the command prompt to change the current working directory to bobapples:
On DOS, OS/2, and Windows operating systems, the %PATH% variable is specified as a list of one or more directory names separated by semicolon (;) characters. [5]The Windows system directory (typically C:\WINDOWS\system32) is typically the first directory in the path, followed by many (but not all) of the directories for installed software packages.
The %ComSpec% variable contains the full path to the command processor; on the Windows NT family of operating systems, this is cmd.exe, while on Windows 9x, %COMSPEC% is COMMAND.COM. %OS% The %OS% variable contains a symbolic name of the operating system family to distinguish between differing feature sets in batchjobs .
The shell's primary means of debugging. Both xtrace and verbose can be turned off at the same time with the command set -. Verbose: [ set -v | set -o verbose] Prints a command to the terminal as Bash reads it. Bash reads constructs all at once, such as compound commands which include if-fi and case-esac blocks.
The console alternatives 4DOS, 4OS2, FreeDOS, Peter Norton's NDOS and 4NT / Take Command which add functionality to the Windows NT-style cmd.exe, MS-DOS/Windows 95 batch files (run by Command.com), OS/2's cmd.exe, and 4NT respectively are similar to the shells that they enhance and are more integrated with the Windows Script Host, which comes ...
1) It makes shell scripts more like real executable files, because they can be the subject of 'exec.' 2) If you do a 'ps' while such a command is running, its real name appears instead of 'sh'. Likewise, accounting is done on the basis of the real name. 3) Shell scripts can be set-user-ID.
The MKS Toolkit PScript program also runs Perl. Command shells like cmd.exe, 4NT, ksh, and scripting languages with string processing and preferably socket functionality are also able to be used for CGI scripting; compiled languages like C++, Visual Basic, and Java can also be used like this.