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Some hobbyists have developed computer programs that will solve Sudoku puzzles using a backtracking algorithm, which is a type of brute force search. [3] Backtracking is a depth-first search (in contrast to a breadth-first search), because it will completely explore one branch to a possible solution before moving to another branch.
The general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n 2 ×n 2 grids of n×n blocks is known to be NP-complete. [8] A puzzle can be expressed as a graph coloring problem. [9] The aim is to construct a 9-coloring of a particular graph, given a partial 9-coloring. The Sudoku graph has 81 vertices, one vertex for each cell.
Tanner graph of a Sudoku. denotes the entries of the Sudoku in row-scan order. denotes the constraint functions: =, …, associated with rows, =, …, associated with columns and =, …, associated with the sub-grids of the Sudoku.. There are several possible decoding methods for sudoku codes. Some algorithms are very specific developments for Sudoku codes. Several methods are described in ...
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Backtracking is an important tool for solving constraint satisfaction problems, [2] such as crosswords, verbal arithmetic, Sudoku, and many other puzzles. It is often the most convenient technique for parsing , [ 3 ] for the knapsack problem and other combinatorial optimization problems.
Many Sudoku solving algorithms, such as brute force-backtracking and dancing links can solve most 9×9 puzzles efficiently, but combinatorial explosion occurs as n increases, creating practical limits to the properties of Sudokus that can be constructed, analyzed, and solved as n increases.
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Each row, column, or block of the Sudoku puzzle forms a clique in the Sudoku graph, whose size equals the number of symbols used to solve the puzzle. A graph coloring of the Sudoku graph using this number of colors (the minimum possible number of colors for this graph) can be interpreted as a solution to the puzzle.