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Lapping machine. Lapping is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine. Lapping often follows other subtractive processes with more aggressive material removal as a first step, such as milling and/or grinding. Lapping can take two forms.
The process uses an abrasive and corrosive chemical slurry (commonly a colloid) in conjunction with a polishing pad and retaining ring, typically of a greater diameter than the wafer. The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retaining ring.
Polishing lines will be soft and less reflective than a #4 architectural finish. #7 Finish. A #7 finish is produced by polishing with a 280–320 grit belt or wheel and sisal buffing with a cut and color compound. This is a semi-bright finish that will still have some polishing lines but they will be very dull.
Polishing is a more aggressive process, while buffing is less harsh, which leads to a smoother, brighter finish. [1] A common misconception is that a polished surface has a mirror-bright finish, however, most mirror-bright finishes are actually buffed.
The process is usually optimized to ensure that the resulting texture is usable. If necessary, an additional process will be added to modify the initial texture. The latter process may be grinding (abrasive cutting) , polishing , lapping , abrasive blasting , honing , electrical discharge machining (EDM), milling , lithography , industrial ...
Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or by applying a chemical treatment, leaving a clean surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the index of refraction of the material according to the Fresnel equations). [1]
Electropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing, or electrolytic polishing (especially in the metallography field), is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish.
Types of lapping include planetary lapping, double-sided lapping, and cylindrical lapping. [ 2 ] During polishing, the lens may be tested to confirm that the desired shape is being produced, and to ensure that the final shape has the correct form to within the allowed precision.