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Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of large blood vessels. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Symptoms may include headache , pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms , double vision , and difficulty opening the mouth. [ 3 ]
The halo sign of temporal arteritis should not be confused with Deuel's halo sign, which is a sign of fetal death. [3] The halo sign is also understood as a region of ground-glass attenuation surrounding a pulmonary nodule on an X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) of the chest.
Individuals diagnosed with giant cell arteritis may present with superficial temporal artery stenosis, occlusion, or halo sign (a dark patch surrounding the artery due to vessel wall edema). [23] When diagnosing patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis, computed tomography is useful.
Vasculitis is a group of disorders that destroy blood vessels by inflammation. [ 2 ] Both arteries and veins are affected. Lymphangitis (inflammation of lymphatic vessels) is sometimes considered a type of vasculitis. [ 3 ] Vasculitis is primarily caused by leukocyte migration and resultant damage.
Arteritis. Arteritis is a vascular disorder characterized by inflammation of the walls of arteries, [1] usually as a result of infection or autoimmune responses. Arteritis, a complex disorder, is still not entirely understood. [2] Arteritis may be distinguished by its different types, based on the organ systems affected by the disease. [2]
AAION is due to temporal arteritis (also called giant-cell arteritis), an inflammatory disease of medium-sized blood vessels (Chapel-Hill-Conference) that occurs especially with advancing age. In contrast, NAION results from the coincidence of cardiovascular risk factors in a patient with "crowded" optic discs.
A giant cell (also known as a multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. [ 1 ] Although there is typically a focus on the pathological aspects of multinucleate giant cells (MGCs), they also play many important physiological roles.
Arteritic CRAO is most commonly caused by giant cell arteritis. [5] [6] Other causes can include dissecting aneurysms and arterial spasms, and as a complication of patient positioning causing external compression of the eye compressing flow to the central retinal artery (e.g. in spine surgeries in the prone position). [7]
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