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The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
Nicotine dependence[ notes 2 ] is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. [ 4 ] It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the drug despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms. [ 8 ] Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. [ 9 ]
Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine. Symptoms include intense cravings for nicotine, anger or irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating. [1][2][3] Withdrawal symptoms make ...
30,000 (2015) [ 4 ] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. [ 1 ] It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. [ 1 ] Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. [ 1 ] Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the ...
Enteropathic arthropathy commonly referred to as enteropathic arthritis, is a type of arthritis linked to Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. [ 4 ] Along with reactive arthritis , psoriatic arthritis , and idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis , this type of arthritis is categorized as a seronegative ...
Spondyloarthritis (SpA), also known as spondyloarthropathy, is a collection of clinical syndromes that are connected by genetic predisposition and clinical manifestations. [ 1 ] The best-known clinical subtypes are enteropathic arthritis (EA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and reactive arthritis (ReA). [ 2 ]
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [ 1 ] Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, [ 2 ...
Palindromic rheumatism (PR) is a syndrome characterised by recurrent, self-resolving inflammatory attacks in and around the joints (rheumatism), and consists of arthritis or periarticular soft tissue inflammation. [ 1 ] The course is often acute onset, with sudden and rapidly developing attacks or flares. There is pain, redness, swelling, and ...