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Nicotine dependence[notes 2] is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. [3] It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the drug despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms. [7] Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. [8]
The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
30,000 (2015) [ 4 ] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. [ 1 ] It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. [ 1 ] Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. [ 1 ] Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the ...
Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMC OA) is, also known as osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb, thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis, basilar (or basal) joint arthritis, or as rhizarthrosis. [3][1][2] This joint is formed by the trapezium bone of the wrist and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. This is one of the joints where most humans ...
Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. [1] [2] It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, [1] [3] primarily of the ring and little-finger. [3]
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [ 1 ] Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, [ 2 ...
Spondyloarthritis (SpA), also known as spondyloarthropathy, is a collection of clinical syndromes that are connected by genetic predisposition and clinical manifestations. [ 1 ] The best-known clinical subtypes are enteropathic arthritis (EA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and reactive arthritis (ReA). [ 2 ]
Enteropathic arthropathy commonly referred to as enteropathic arthritis, is a type of arthritis linked to Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. [ 4 ] Along with reactive arthritis , psoriatic arthritis , and idiopathic ankylosing spondylitis , this type of arthritis is categorized as a seronegative ...