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Structurally, amino esters consist of three molecular components: a lipophilic part (ester); an intermediate aliphatic chain; a hydrophilic part (amine); The chemical linkage between the lipophilic part and the intermediate chain can be of the amide-type or the ester-type, and is the general basis for the current classification of local anesthetics.
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
ester- benzoic ambucaine [1] diester - aminosalicylic articaine: Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine Amide benzocaine: Anbesol, Orajel Ester - Aminobenzoic Short benzonatate: Tessalon bupivacaine: Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine 1957 (Ekenstam) 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) Amide Moderate butacaine: ester- aminobenzoic ...
Like lidocaine, bupivacaine is an amino-amide anesthetic; the aromatic head and the hydrocarbon chain are linked by an amide bond rather than an ester as in earlier local anesthetics. As a result, the amino-amide anesthetics are more stable and less likely to cause allergic reactions.
Local anesthetics can be either ester- or amide-based. Ester local anesthetics are generally unstable in solution and fast-acting, are rapidly metabolised by cholinesterases in the blood plasma and liver, [4] and more commonly induce allergic reactions. Amide local anesthetics are generally heat-stable, with a long shelf life (around two years).
This tetrameric enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of a number of substances, including amino ester local anesthetics and succinylcholine, which it hydrolyses in two stages to succinyl monocholine and choline, then to succinic acid and a second molecule of choline. Dibucaine inhibits normal butyrylcholinesterase activity, reducing the ...
Cinchocaine (INN/BAN) or dibucaine is an amide local anesthetic. Among the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, current use of cinchocaine is generally restricted to spinal and topical anesthesia. [1] [2] It is sold under the brand names Cincain, Nupercainal, Nupercaine and Sovcaine.
In cats, opioids alone are used to produce this effect. In dogs, a combination of an opioid and benzodiazepine can be used. [3] The second to last level is moderate sedation, which occurs for longer periods of time with stronger sedatives. Anesthetics that fit this category are other opioids, tranquilizers, benzodiazepines, and alpha-2 agonists.