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Dr Ernst Chain undertakes an experiment in his laboratory at the School of Pathology at Oxford University in 1944 Ernst Chain in his laboratory. Chain was born in Berlin, the son of Margarete (née Eisner) and Michael Chain, a chemist and industrialist dealing in chemical products. [12] [13] His family was of both Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish ...
Howard Walter Florey was born in Malvern, a southern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, on 24 September 1898. [2] His surname rhymes with "sorry". [3] He was the only son of Joseph Florey, a bootmaker from Oxfordshire in England, who as a boy moved to London where Florey's grandfather established a bootmaking business.
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings. Due to the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, and the efforts of Florey and Chain in 1938, large-scale, pharmaceutical production of antibiotics has been made possible.
The secretary of the Nobel committee, Göran Liljestrand, made an assessment of Fleming and Florey in the same year, but little was known about penicillin in Sweden at the time, and he concluded that more information was required. The following year, there was one nomination for Fleming alone and one for Fleming, Florey and Chain.
The purified compound (penicillin F) was isolated in 1940 by a research team led by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain at the University of Oxford. Fleming first used the purified penicillin to treat streptococcal meningitis in 1942. [7] The 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by Chain, Fleming, and Florey.
Chain had wanted to apply for a patent but Florey had objected, arguing that penicillin should benefit all. [78] Florey sought the advice of Sir Henry Dale , the chairman of the Wellcome Trust and a member of the Scientific Advisory Panel to the British Cabinet , and John William Trevan, the director of the Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory.
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1938 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain investigate Penicillin and attempted to mass-produce it and tested it on the policeman Albert Alexander (police officer) who recovered but died due to a lack of Penicillin; 1943 – Willem J. Kolff builds the first dialysis machine; 1944 – Disposable catheter – David S. Sheridan