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Insulator damage by weakening of the insulator structures. Junction damage by lowering minority carrier lifetimes, increasing forward-bias resistance and increasing reverse-bias leakage. Metallisation damage by conductor weakening. Catastrophic failures require the highest discharge voltages, are the easiest to test for and are rarest to occur.
Lack of 3-phase electric system connected by star. If neutral breaks off, small-power appliances will be destroyed by overvoltage. Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated.
Constant-voltage speaker systems are also commonly referred to as 25-, 70-, 70.7-, 100 or 210-volt speaker systems; distributed speaker systems; or high-impedance speaker systems. In Canada and the US, they are most commonly referred to as 70-volt speakers. In Europe, the 100 V system is the most widespread, with amplifier and speaker products ...
Audio frequency, from very low frequencies up to around 20 kHz. Frequencies up to 100 kHz may sometimes be classified as audio. Sources include: Mains hum from: power supply units, nearby power supply wiring, transmission lines and substations. Audio processing equipment, such as audio power amplifiers and loudspeakers.
Surge Protection Device (SPD) for installation in a low-voltage distribution board. A surge protector (or spike suppressor, surge suppressor, surge diverter, [1] surge protection device (SPD), transient voltage suppressor (TVS) or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS)) is an appliance or device intended to protect electrical devices in alternating current (AC) circuits from voltage spikes ...
However voltage spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power wires as a result of accident or storm damage. Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode.
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Resettable fuses - PolySwitch devices. A resettable fuse or polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC) is a passive electronic component used to protect against overcurrent faults in electronic circuits.