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Hindu teachings prescribe war as the final option, to be employed only after all peaceful methods are exhausted. [1] Participation in righteous war, or dharmayuddha, was said to be honourable and was a principal duty of the Kshatriya or the warrior varna, and victory in such wars was regarded as a matter of honour. [2]
The Mahābhārata states that in the year in which the war took place, three solar eclipses took place within a thirty-day period; eclipses are considered ill omens in Hindu astrology. [48] On the first day of the war, as would be on all the following days, the Kaurava Army stood facing west and the Pandava Army east.
A Hindu kingdom was described as formed from seven "limbs": [4] the king himself (svāmī). The king typically represented the kshatria, a class of warrior aristocracy in the four varnas caste system. [4] Hindu kingships usually did not have a priest-king, as the priestly duties were mostly performed by brahmins; [5] king's ministers (amātyas);
Vikramaditya means "the sun of valour" (vikrama means "valour" and aditya means "sun").He is also known as Vikrama, Bikramjit and Vikramarka (arka also means "sun"). Some legends describe him as a liberator of India from mlechchha invaders; the invaders are identified as Shakas in most, and the king is known by the epithet Shakari (IAST: Śakāri; "enemy of the Shakas").
The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to war-god Skanda. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by the sixth century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.
The following list enumerates Hindu monarchies in chronological order of establishment dates. These monarchies were widespread in South Asia since about 1500 BC, [1] went into slow decline in the medieval times, with most gone by the end of the 17th century, although the last one, the Kingdom of Nepal, dissolved only in the 2008.
The term originates from the Sanskrit term pandit (paṇḍitá पण्डित), meaning "knowledge owner" or "learned man". [4] It refers to someone who is erudite in various subjects and who conducts religious ceremonies and offers counsel to the king and usually referred to a person from the Hindu Brahmin but may also refer to the siddhas, Siddhars, Naths, ascetics, sadhus, or yogis ().
Modern historians identify this king with Indranatha, the Somavamshi king of Kalinga. This king was defeated by Rajendra Chola: Bhoja may have played a secondary role in the Chola campaign as part of an alliance. [40] [41] The Ghaznavids, a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin, invaded north-western India in the 11th century, led by Mahmud of Ghazni.