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In children, optic disc drusen are usually buried and undetectable by fundoscopy except for a mild or moderate elevation of the optic disc. With age, the overlying axons become atrophied and the drusen become exposed and more visible. They may become apparent with an ophthalmoscope and some visual field loss at the end of adolescence. [7]
Drusen, from the German word for node or geode (singular, "Druse"), are tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material that build up between Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The presence of a few small ("hard") drusen is normal with advancing age, and most people over 40 have some hard drusen. [1]
However, poverty, stunting and lack of intellectual stimulus in low- and middle-income countries damage early development of almost half of all children aged 3 to 4, which will affect them through their lives. One of the main reasons is lack of access to early childhood education programs, particularly for poor, rural families. [2]
An examiner administers the age-appropriate items to the child, although some can be passed by parental report. Each item is scored as pass, fail, or refused. Items that can be completed by 75%-90% of children but are failed are called cautions; items that can be completed by 90% of children but are failed are referred to as delays.
Synaptic pruning, a phase in the development of the nervous system, is the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals, including humans. [1] Pruning starts near the time of birth and continues into the late-20s. [2]
Early childhood is a stage of rapid growth, development and learning and each child makes progress at different speeds and rates. [13] It is essential to integrate physical training designed in accordance with the anatomical characteristics andage-related characteristics of a child's development, to ensure the normal physical development of ...
Some infantile reflexes, such as the palmar grasp reflex, go away. [31] Grabs objects using a raking grasp, where fingers rake at objects to pick them up. [31] Able to roll from both front to back and back to front. [31] Rocks back and forth and may crawl backwards. [33] Communication skills. Uses voice to get attention and to express emotions ...
During his 21 years at Michigan, his research became prominent in the fields of child development, policy, long-term consequences of high-risk birth, and early childhood assessment. At Michigan, he held several positions including that of research scientist and acting director at the Center for Human Growth and Development, and professor ...