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  2. Newton's law of universal gravitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_universal...

    The publication of the law has become known as the "first great unification", as it marked the unification of the previously described phenomena of gravity on Earth with known astronomical behaviors. [1] [2] [3] This is a general physical law derived from empirical observations by what Isaac Newton called inductive reasoning. [4]

  3. Newton's laws of motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion

    Newton's laws are often stated in terms of point or particle masses, that is, bodies whose volume is negligible. This is a reasonable approximation for real bodies when the motion of internal parts can be neglected, and when the separation between bodies is much larger than the size of each.

  4. Mass versus weight - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_versus_weight

    Under Sir Isaac Newton's 337-year-old laws of motion and an important formula that sprang from his work, F = ma, an object with a mass, m, of one kilogram accelerates, a, at one meter per second per second (about one-tenth the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) [4] when acted upon by a force, F, of one newton.

  5. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophiæ_Naturalis...

    American astronomer W.W. Campbell stated that Sir Isaac Newton was the pioneer of astrophysics. [8] Newton's work has also been called the "greatest scientific work in history", and "the supreme expression in human thought of the mind's ability to hold the universe fixed as an object of contemplation". [9]

  6. Isaac Newton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

    Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27 [a]) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. [5] Newton was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. [6]

  7. Unification of theories in physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_theories_in...

    Unification of theories about observable fundamental phenomena of nature is one of the primary goals of physics. [1] [2] [3] The two great unifications to date are Isaac Newton’s unification of gravity and astronomy, and James Clerk Maxwell’s unification of electromagnetism; the latter has been further unified with the concept of electroweak interaction.

  8. History of special relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_special_relativity

    His relationship between mass and energy, like all other pre-Einstein ones, contained incorrect numerical prefactors (see Electromagnetic mass). Eventually Planck (1907) derived the massenergy equivalence in general within the framework of special relativity , including the binding forces within matter.

  9. n-body problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_problem

    Newton's second law says that mass times acceleration m i ⁠ d 2 q i / dt 2 ⁠ is equal to the sum of the forces on the mass. Newton's law of gravity says that the gravitational force felt on mass m i by a single mass m j is given by [15] = ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ = ‖ ‖, where G is the gravitational constant and ‖ q j − q i ‖ is the ...