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  2. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})

  3. Trait (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)

    If a trait requires the consuming class to provide certain methods, the trait cannot know if those methods are semantically equivalent to the trait's needs. For some dynamic languages, such as Perl, the required method can only be identified by a method name, not a full method signature, making it harder to guarantee that the required method is appropriate.

  4. Python (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

    In Python, == compares by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c. Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators. Python has a type of expression named a list comprehension, and a more general expression named a generator ...

  5. Nested set model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested_set_model

    The nested set model is a technique for representing nested set collections (also known as trees or hierarchies) in relational databases.. It is based on Nested Intervals, that "are immune to hierarchy reorganization problem, and allow answering ancestor path hierarchical queries algorithmically — without accessing the stored hierarchy relation".

  6. Array (data type) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_type)

    Elements of a newly created array may have undefined values (as in C), or may be defined to have a specific "default" value such as 0 or a null pointer (as in Java). In C++ a std::vector object supports the store , select , and append operations with the performance characteristics discussed above.

  7. Zen of Python - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_of_Python

    The Zen of Python is a collection of 19 "guiding principles" for writing computer programs that influence the design of the Python programming language. [1] Python code that aligns with these principles is often referred to as "Pythonic". [2] Software engineer Tim Peters wrote this set of principles and posted it on the Python mailing list in ...

  8. Swap (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_(computer_programming)

    For example, in a program, two variables may be defined thus (in pseudocode): data_item x := 1 data_item y := 0 swap (x, y); After swap() is performed, x will contain the value 0 and y will contain 1; their values have been exchanged. This operation may be generalized to other types of values, such as strings and aggregated data types.

  9. Racket (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)

    Racket's contract system is inspired by the Design by Contract work for Eiffel and extends it to work for higher-order values such as first-class functions, objects, reference cells, and so on. For example, an object that is checked by a contract can be ensured to make contract checks when its methods are eventually invoked.