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In Python, == compares by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c. Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators. Python has a type of expression named a list comprehension, and a more general expression named a generator ...
In a dynamically typed language, where type can only be determined at runtime, many type errors can only be detected at runtime. For example, the Python code a + b is syntactically valid at the phrase level, but the correctness of the types of a and b can only be determined at runtime, as variables do not have types in Python, only values do.
Bubble sort, sometimes referred to as sinking sort, is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the input list element by element, comparing the current element with the one after it, swapping their values if needed. These passes through the list are repeated until no swaps have to be performed during a pass, meaning that the ...
Other implementations are possible: for example, objects in Python use associative key-value containers. [ 4 ] Some programming languages such as Eiffel support specification of invariants as part of the definition of the class, and enforce them through the type system.
Other languages provide only one-based array types, where each index starts at 1; this is the traditional convention in mathematics for matrices and mathematical sequences. A few languages, such as Pascal and Lua, support n-based array types, whose minimum legal indices are chosen by the programmer. The relative merits of each choice have been ...
An example is adaptive heap sort, a sorting algorithm based on Cartesian trees. It takes time O ( n log k ) {\displaystyle O(n\log k)} , where k {\displaystyle k} is the average, over all values x {\displaystyle x} in the sequence, of the number of times the sequence jumps from below x {\displaystyle x} to above x {\displaystyle x} or vice ...
As a baseline algorithm, selection of the th smallest value in a collection of values can be performed by the following two steps: . Sort the collection; If the output of the sorting algorithm is an array, retrieve its th element; otherwise, scan the sorted sequence to find the th element.
For example, if we already know the values of F 41 and F 40, we can directly calculate the value of F 42. Some programming languages can automatically memoize the result of a function call with a particular set of arguments, in order to speed up call-by-name evaluation (this mechanism is referred to as call-by-need ).