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from random import randrange def naive_shuffle (items)-> None: """A naive method. This is an example of what not to do -- use Fisher-Yates instead.""" n = len ( items ) for i in range ( n ): j = randrange ( n ) # 0 <= j <= n-1 items [ j ], items [ i ] = items [ i ], items [ j ]
Kig comes up with a little program (written in Python) called pykig.py which can load a Python script, e.g. MyScript.py; build a Kig figure, described by this script; open Kig and display the figure. For example, here is how a Sierpinski triangle can be made (as an IFS) with pykig:
The security of cryptographic systems depends on some secret data that is known to authorized persons but unknown and unpredictable to others. To achieve this unpredictability, some randomization is typically employed.
Las Vegas algorithms were introduced by László Babai in 1979, in the context of the graph isomorphism problem, as a dual to Monte Carlo algorithms. [3] Babai [4] introduced the term "Las Vegas algorithm" alongside an example involving coin flips: the algorithm depends on a series of independent coin flips, and there is a small chance of failure (no result).
The Python hash is still a valid hash function when used within a single run, but if the values are persisted (for example, written to disk), they can no longer be treated as valid hash values, since in the next run the random value might differ.
The detailed semantics of "the" ternary operator as well as its syntax differs significantly from language to language. A top level distinction from one language to another is whether the expressions permit side effects (as in most procedural languages) and whether the language provides short-circuit evaluation semantics, whereby only the selected expression is evaluated (most standard ...