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A visual hallucination is a vivid visual experience occurring without corresponding external stimuli in an awake state. These experiences are involuntary and possess a degree of perceived reality sufficient to resemble authentic visual perception. [ 1 ]
Depending on the content, visual hallucinations can be classified as either simple or complex. [1] Simple visual hallucinations are commonly characterized by shapes, photopsias, and grid-like patterns. [6] Complex visual hallucinations consist of highly detailed representations of people and objects. [6]
Hyperphantasia is the condition of having extremely vivid mental imagery. [1] It is the opposite condition to aphantasia, where mental visual imagery is not present. [2] [3] The experience of hyperphantasia is more common than aphantasia [4] [5] and has been described as being "as vivid as real seeing". [4]
Hallucination is defined as visual perception without external stimulation. It must be distinguished whether the individual is able to recognize that the perception is not real, also called pseudo-hallucination, or that the individual endorses it as real, also called delusion.
Prosopometamorphopsia is considered a face hallucination and is included under the umbrella of complex visual hallucinations. [7] Unlike other forms of hallucinations such as peduncular hallucinosis or Charles Bonnet syndrome , prosopometamorphopsia does not predominate at a particular time of day; it is a constant experience. [ 7 ]
Treatment of any kind of complex visual hallucination requires an understanding of the different pathologies in order to correctly diagnose and treat. If a person is taking a pro-hallucinogenic medication, the first step is to stop taking it. Sometimes improvement will occur spontaneously and pharmacotherapy is not necessary.
Pathological visual illusions usually occur throughout the visual field, suggesting global excitability or sensitivity alterations. [33] Alternatively visual hallucination is the perception of an external visual stimulus where none exists. [32] Visual hallucinations are often from focal dysfunction and are usually transient.
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a non-psychotic disorder in which a person experiences apparent lasting or persistent visual hallucinations or perceptual distortions after using drugs, [1] including but not limited to psychedelics, dissociatives, entactogens, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and SSRIs.