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Gadolinium reacts with atmospheric oxygen or moisture slowly to form a black coating. Gadolinium below its Curie point of 20 °C (68 °F) is ferromagnetic, with an attraction to a magnetic field higher than that of nickel. Above this temperature it is the most paramagnetic element. It is found in nature only in an oxidized form.
Gadolinium alloy heats up inside the magnetic field and loses thermal energy to the environment, so it exits the field and becomes cooler than when it entered.. Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect.
The gadolinium quickly captured the neutrons produced in the inverse beta decay. The second region (region II) contained 17 tons of undoped scintillator to capture the electromagnetic energy from the inverse beta decay (≈99%) and the photons from the neutron capture in the Gd (>95%).
Stronger magnetic effects are typically only observed when d or f electrons are involved. Particularly the latter are usually strongly localized. Moreover, the size of the magnetic moment on a lanthanide atom can be quite large as it can carry up to 7 unpaired electrons in the case of gadolinium(III) (hence its use in MRI).
Gadolinium-153 has a half-life of 240.4 ± 10 d and emits gamma radiation with strong peaks at 41 keV and 102 keV. It is used as a gamma ray source for X-ray absorptiometry and fluorescence, for bone density gauges for osteoporosis screening, and for radiometric profiling in the Lixiscope portable x-ray imaging system, also known as the Lixi ...
Gadolinium(III) oxide (archaically gadolinia) is an inorganic compound with the formula Gd 2 O 3. It is one of the most commonly available forms of the rare-earth element gadolinium , derivatives, of which are potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging .
Gadolinium salts are of primary interest for relaxation agents in magnetic resonance imaging . This technique exploits the fact that Gd 3+ has an electronic configuration of f 7 . Seven is the largest number of unpaired electron spins possible for an atom, so Gd 3+ is a key component in the design of highly paramagnetic complexes. [ 6 ]
Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T1 mapping allow infarction and fibrosis to be identified for characterizing cardiomyopathy and assessing viability. [8] Magnetic resonance angiography may be performed with or without contrast medium and is used to assess congenital or acquired abnormalities of the coronary arteries and great vessels. [9]