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Proportional representation (PR) refers to any electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. [1] The concept applies mainly to political divisions (political parties) among voters. The aim of such systems is that all votes cast contribute to the result so that each representative in ...
Specifically, the Hare quota is unbiased in the number of seats it hands out, and so is more proportional than the Droop quota (which tends to give more seats to larger parties). The Hare suffers the disproportionality that it sometimes allocates a majority of seats to a party with less than a majority of votes in a district.
In mathematics and political science, the quota rule describes a desired property of proportional apportionment methods. It says that the number of seats allocated to a party should be equal to their entitlement plus or minus one.
The Hare quota is often used to set electoral thresholds and to calculate apportionments under party-list proportional representation when using the largest remainder method. In such cases, the Hare quota gives unbiased apportionments that do not favor either large or small parties. [1]
The principle of equal representation is expressed in slogan one man, one vote and relates to proportional representation. The seats-to-votes ratio is used as the basis for the Gallagher index method of analyzing proportionality or disproportionality.
When apportioning seats in proportional representation, it is particularly important to avoid bias between large parties and small parties to avoid strategic voting. André Sainte-Laguë showed theoretically that the Sainte-Laguë method shows the lowest average bias in apportionment, [2] confirmed by different theoretical and empirical ways.
At the time, I thought his choice of words was curious, but that it clearly implied a proportional system. The Electoral Reform Society put out a press release headed: “Keir Starmer announces ...
Compared to ideal proportional representation, the D'Hondt method reduces somewhat the political fragmentation for smaller electoral district sizes, [1] where it favors larger political parties over small parties. [2] The method was first described in 1792 by American Secretary of State and later President of the United States Thomas Jefferson.