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The information content can be expressed in various units of information, of which the most common is the "bit" (more formally called the shannon), as explained below. The term 'perplexity' has been used in language modelling to quantify the uncertainty inherent in a set of prospective events.
Thirdly, the information provided by a signal should be directed at and accessible to an audience. A receiver can be anyone who stands to benefit from information the signaller is sending, such as potential mates, allies, or competitors. Honesty is guaranteed when only individuals of high quality can pay the (high) costs of signalling.
The core idea of information theory is that the "informational value" of a communicated message depends on the degree to which the content of the message is surprising. If a highly likely event occurs, the message carries very little information. On the other hand, if a highly unlikely event occurs, the message is much more informative.
In this context, either an information-theoretical measure, such as functional clusters (Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi's functional clustering model and dynamic core hypothesis (DCH) [47]) or effective information (Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) of consciousness [48] [49] [50]), is defined (on the basis of a reentrant process ...
Signalling (or signaling; see spelling differences) in contract theory is the idea that one party (the agent) credibly conveys some information about itself to another party (the principal). Signalling was already discussed and mentioned in the seminal Theory of Games and Economic Behavior , which is considered to be the text that created the ...
If the logarithm is base 2, the measure of information is expressed in units of shannons or more often simply "bits" (a bit in other contexts is rather defined as a "binary digit", whose average information content is at most 1 shannon). Information from a source is gained by a recipient only if the recipient did not already have that ...
The data processing inequality is an information theoretic concept that states that the information content of a signal cannot be increased via a local physical operation. This can be expressed concisely as 'post-processing cannot increase information'. [1]
Some of the oldest methods of telecommunications implicitly use many of the ideas that would later be quantified in information theory. Modern telegraphy, starting in the 1830s, used Morse code, in which more common letters (like "E", which is expressed as one "dot") are transmitted more quickly than less common letters (like "J", which is expressed by one "dot" followed by three "dashes").