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In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio. The ratio is called coefficient of proportionality (or proportionality constant ) and its reciprocal is known as constant of normalization (or normalizing constant ).
[10] [11] In 1884, Charles L. Dodgson (Lewis Caroll) argued for a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts similar to indirect STV, with each voter casting only a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now called liquid democracy. The difference ...
The iterative proportional fitting procedure (IPF or IPFP, also known as biproportional fitting or biproportion in statistics or economics (input-output analysis, etc.), RAS algorithm [1] in economics, raking in survey statistics, and matrix scaling in computer science) is the operation of finding the fitted matrix which is the closest to an initial matrix but with the row and column totals of ...
Indirect single transferable voting [1] or Gove system [2] [3] is a version of single transferable vote (STV), where the vote transfer is determined by the candidate's instructions and not the individual voters choices. Indirect STV was invented by Walter Baily, of Leeds, and put forward in his 1872 book PR in Large Constituencies. [4]
Exact proportionality is never achieved under PR systems, except by chance. The use of electoral thresholds that are intended to limit the influence of small, extreme parties will reduce proportionality in list systems, and any insufficiency of leveling seats will further reduce proportionality in mixed-member proportional or additional-member systems.
Indirect party-list proportional (by members of the states-provincial and the Caribbean Electoral colleges for the Senate) 75 223,066 New Zealand: Parliament (Pāremata) [note 2] House of Representatives (Whare o ngā Māngai) Unicameral 3 Closed list mixed-member proportional representation with a 5% threshold 120 33,566 Nicaragua
Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a proportional electoral system for multiwinner elections. It is a multiwinner approval method that extends the D'Hondt method of apportionment commonly used to calculate apportionments for party-list proportional representation . [ 1 ]
An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.. Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.