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An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have four nuclei [5] and are 150–200 μm in diameter. When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert macrophages to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 μm in diameter occur. These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major ...
Many believed osteoclasts and osteoblasts came from the same progenitor cell. Because of this, osteoclasts were thought to be derived from cells in connective tissue. Studies that observed that bone resorption could be restored by bone marrow and spleen transplants helped prove osteoclasts' hematopoietic origin. [3]
The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium , magnesium , phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone.
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
The inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and function, precipitated by drug therapy, leads to decreased bone resorption and remodelling. [31] [39] Evidence also suggests bisphosphonates induce apoptosis of osteoclasts. [40] Another suggested factor is inhibition of angiogenesis due to bisphosphonates; this effect remains uncertain.
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Osteolysis is an active resorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts and can be interpreted as the reverse of ossification.Although osteoclasts are active during the natural formation of healthy bone the term "osteolysis" specifically refers to a pathological process.
5741 19226 Ensembl ENSG00000152266 ENSMUSG00000059077 UniProt P01270 Q9Z0L6 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000315 NM_001316352 NM_020623 RefSeq (protein) NP_000306 NP_001303281 NP_065648 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 13.49 – 13.5 Mb Chr 7: 112.98 – 112.99 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted ...