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Papilledema or papilloedema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause. [1] The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. [2] Unilateral presentation is extremely rare. In intracranial hypertension, the optic disc swelling most commonly occurs bilaterally.
Optic-disc edema of Grade 0-2; CSF opening pressure ≤ 25 cm H 2 O; Class 4 Institute treatment protocol as per Clinical Practice Guideline ≥ 0.50 diopter cycloplegic refractive changes and/or cotton-wool spot; Optic nerve sheath distention, and/or globe flattening and/or choroidal folds and/or scotoma; Optic-disc edema Grade 2 or above
Unilateral or bilateral optic disc edema may occur. The exact etiology, pathogenesis and mechanism of the disc edema is unknown. [1] [2] Theories suggest that the dis edema is due to retinal vascular leakage into and surrounding the optic nerve and disruption of axoplasmic flow resulting from microvascular disease of the optic nerve head. [2]
As grade 3 + optic disc edema + macular star "Silver Wiring" There is an association between the grade of retinopathy and mortality. In a classic study in 1939 Keith and colleagues [ 6 ] described the prognosis of people with differing severity of retinopathy.
In patients with headaches, the finding of swollen optic discs, or papilloedema, on fundus photography is a key sign, as this indicates raised intracranial pressure (ICP) which could be due to hydrocephalus, benign intracranial hypertension (aka pseudotumour cerebri) or brain tumor, amongst other conditions. Cupped optic discs are seen in glaucoma.
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a medical condition characterized by loss of vision caused by damage to the optic nerve as a result of ischemia, or insufficient blood supply. The key symptom of NAION is optic disc swelling, which typically resolves within 2 months, but often leads to optic atrophy. The likelihood of ...
rule used to assess optic disc appearance K: Keratometry OS oculus sinister (left eye) LHyperT or LHT: Left hypertropia LHypoT: Left hypotropia LO: Lenticular opacity L/R FD: L/R fixation disparity L/R: L hyperphoria Left ET: Left esotropia LVA: Low vision aid MDU: Mallett distance unit MNU: Mallett near unit M.Wing: Maddox Wing: MR: Maddox rod ...
The optic nerve contains axons of nerve cells that emerge from the retina, leave the eye at the optic disc, and go to the visual cortex where input from the eye is processed into vision. There are 1.2 million optic nerve fibers that derive from the retinal ganglion cells of the inner retina. [2] Damage to the optic nerve can have different causes: