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Spatial statistics is a field of applied statistics dealing with spatial data. It involves stochastic processes ( random fields , point processes ), sampling , smoothing and interpolation , regional ( areal unit ) and lattice ( gridded ) data, point patterns , as well as image analysis and stereology .
Spatial descriptive statistics is the intersection of spatial statistics and descriptive statistics; these methods are used for a variety of purposes in geography, particularly in quantitative data analyses involving Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Chapter 6 concerns the types of data to be visualized, and the types of visualizations that can be made for them. Chapter 7 concerns spatial hierarchies and central place theory, while chapter 8 covers the analysis of spatial distributions in terms of their covariance. Finally, chapter 10 covers network and non-Euclidean data. [1] [3]
The concept of a spatial weight is used in spatial analysis to describe neighbor relations between regions on a map. [1] If location i {\displaystyle i} is a neighbor of location j {\displaystyle j} then w i j ≠ 0 {\displaystyle w_{ij}\neq 0} otherwise w i j = 0 {\displaystyle w_{ij}=0} .
Geographers use statistics in numerous ways: [citation needed] To describe and summarize spatial data. To make generalizations concerning complex spatial patterns. To estimate the probability of outcomes for an event at a given location. To use samples of geographic data to infer characteristics for a larger set of geographic data (population).
Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets.Developed originally to predict probability distributions of ore grades for mining operations, [1] it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ...
Getis–Ord statistics, also known as G i *, are used in spatial analysis to measure the local and global spatial autocorrelation.Developed by statisticians Arthur Getis and J. Keith Ord they are commonly used for Hot Spot Analysis [1] [2] to identify where features with high or low values are spatially clustered in a statistically significant way.
In spatial statistics the theoretical variogram, denoted (,), is a function describing the degree of spatial dependence of a spatial random field or stochastic process (). ...