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Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to maintain proper operation despite failures or faults in one or more of its components. This capability is essential for high-availability, mission-critical, or even life-critical systems. Fault tolerance specifically refers to a system's capability to handle faults without any degradation or downtime.
Geographic redundancy corrects the vulnerabilities of redundant devices deployed by geographically separating backup devices. Geographic redundancy reduces the likelihood of events such as power outages, floods, HVAC failures, lightning strikes, tornadoes, building fires, wildfires, and mass shootings disabling most of the system if not the entirety of it.
This prevents errors, and prevention of errors is the most effective technique in error-tolerant design. The practice is known as poka-yoke in Japan where it was introduced by Shigeo Shingo as part of the Toyota Production System.
In 2022, researchers at the University of Innsbruck have demonstrated a fault-tolerant universal set of gates on two logical qubits in a trapped-ion quantum computer. They have performed a logical two-qubit controlled-NOT gate between two instances of the seven-qubit colour code, and fault-tolerantly prepared a logical magic state .
For example, 5-modular redundancy communication systems (such as FlexRay) use the majority of 5 samples – if any 2 of the 5 results are erroneous, the other 3 results can correct and mask the fault. Modular redundancy is a basic concept, dating to antiquity, while the first use of TMR in a computer was the Czechoslovak computer SAPO, in the ...
Checkpointing is a technique that provides fault tolerance for computing systems. It involves saving a snapshot of an application's state, so that it can restart from that point in case of failure. This is particularly important for long-running applications that are executed in failure-prone computing systems.
HSR nodes check the redundancy continuously to detect lurking failures. HSR is typically used in a ring topology or in another mesh topology. Nodes with single attachment (such as a printer) are attached through a RedBox (Redundancy Box). Redundant connections to other networks are possible, especially to a Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP ...
The unitary operation corresponding to exchanging anyons depends only on the topology of the braid. Figure adopted from. [1] A topological quantum computer is a theoretical type of quantum computer proposed by Russian-American physicist Alexei Kitaev in 1997. [2] It utilizes quasiparticles, known as anyons, in two-dimensional systems.