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According to the International Labour Office (ILO), PMF requires the presence of large opacity exceeding 1 cm (by x-ray). By pathology standards, the lesion in histologic section must exceed 2 cm to meet the definition of PMF. [6] In PMF, lesions most commonly occupy the upper lung zone, and are usually bilateral.
The underlying cause for CPAM is unknown. It occurs in approximately 1 in every 30,000 pregnancies. [1] In most cases the outcome of a fetus with CPAM is very good. In rare cases, the cystic mass grows so large as to limit the growth of the surrounding lung and cause pressure against the heart.
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), also known as fibrous tumor of the pleura, is a rare mesenchymal tumor originating in the pleura [1] or at virtually any site in the soft tissue including the seminal vesicle. [2] Approximately 78% to 88% of SFT's are benign and 12% to 22% are malignant. [3]
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia has a favourable prognosis and most patients improve with proper treatment. The mortality rate of DIP is between 6 and 28%. [22] The survival rate of DIP is estimated to be between 68% and 94%. Without treatment around 60% of patients get worse. Spontaneous recovery had also been reported. [16]
Inhalation of high doses of this gas causes lesions in the larynx, trachea, and large bronchi with inflammatory reactions and necrosis. The alkylating agent affects more the upper parts of the respiratory tract, and only intensely exposed victims showed signs like bronchiolitis obliterans in the distal part.
Chest x-ray of infant showing CPAM in the left lung causing a mediastinal shift towards the right. The cysts appear as bubbles in the left lung. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare disease in which the lung airways develop abnormally in the fetus. This leads to infants having pockets of air and cystic masses in their lungs.
A lung cyst, or pulmonary cyst, encloses a small volume of air, and has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm. [3] A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested, [3] but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well. [4] Pulmonary cysts are not associated with either smoking or emphysema. [5]
A foreign-body giant cell is a collection of fused macrophages which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body. This is particularly evident with catheters , parasites , or biomaterials that are inserted into the body for replacement or regeneration of diseased or damaged tissues.