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The reciprocal transformation, some power transformations such as the Yeo–Johnson transformation, and certain other transformations such as applying the inverse hyperbolic sine, can be meaningfully applied to data that include both positive and negative values [10] (the power transformation is invertible over all real numbers if λ is an odd ...
In practical application, for instance in self-management, [3] [4] in coaching, [5] in leadership training, [6] or in change management, [7] the 3C-model can be used for systematic diagnosis of motivation deficits and intervention. Fig. 2. Practical application of the 3C-model: Motivation diagnosis (e.g. of a team member/ an employee).
The formulation of binary logistic regression as a log-linear model can be directly extended to multi-way regression. That is, we model the logarithm of the probability of seeing a given output using the linear predictor as well as an additional normalization factor, the logarithm of the partition function:
Logistic regression is used in various fields, including machine learning, most medical fields, and social sciences. For example, the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (), which is widely used to predict mortality in injured patients, was originally developed by Boyd et al. using logistic regression. [6]
Similarly, likelihoods are often transformed to the log scale, and the corresponding log-likelihood can be interpreted as the degree to which an event supports a statistical model. The log probability is widely used in implementations of computations with probability, and is studied as a concept in its own right in some applications of ...
The Smearing retransformation is used in regression analysis, after estimating the logarithm of a variable. Estimating the logarithm of a variable instead of the variable itself is a common technique to more closely approximate normality.
The basic form of a linear predictor function () for data point i (consisting of p explanatory variables), for i = 1, ..., n, is = + + +,where , for k = 1, ..., p, is the value of the k-th explanatory variable for data point i, and , …, are the coefficients (regression coefficients, weights, etc.) indicating the relative effect of a particular explanatory variable on the outcome.
Dörnyei's theory of motivation is the idea that motivation is developed in a unique and dynamic way that is necessary to gain success in areas where prolonged learning is required. [3] The process-oriented model of motivation seeks to explain Dörnyei's theory through student motivation by focusing on (a) motivational maintenance and volition ...