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2. Equivalence class: given an equivalence relation, [] often denotes the equivalence class of the element x. 3. Integral part: if x is a real number, [] often denotes the integral part or truncation of x, that is, the integer obtained by removing all digits after the decimal mark.
Decimal: The standard Hindu–Arabic numeral system using base ten.; Binary: The base-two numeral system used by computers, with digits 0 and 1.; Ternary: The base-three numeral system with 0, 1, and 2 as digits.
The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in modern mathematics, ordered by their introduction date. The table can also be ordered alphabetically by clicking on the relevant header title.
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
In mathematics, some functions or groups of functions are important enough to deserve their own names. This is a listing of articles which explain some of these functions in more detail. There is a large theory of special functions which developed out of statistics and mathematical physics.
A class that is not a set (informally in Zermelo–Fraenkel) is called a proper class, and a class that is a set is sometimes called a small class. For instance, the class of all ordinal numbers , and the class of all sets, are proper classes in many formal systems.
German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." Number theory also studies the natural, or whole, numbers. One of the central concepts in number theory is that of the prime number , and there are many questions about primes that appear simple but whose ...
For other languages and symbol sets (especially in mathematics Physis and science), see below This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols .