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Medication is often not necessary in children as symptoms usually alleviate spontaneously as the child ages. However, because the disorder may affect wakeful behavior, many adults who continue to have RMD may seek treatment. Benzodiazepines or tricyclic antidepressants have been considered as therapeutic options in managing the disorder.
PLMD is estimated to occur in approximately 4% of adults (aged 15–100), [8] but is more common in the elderly, especially females, with up to 11% experiencing symptoms. [17] PLMD appears to be related to restless legs syndrome (RLS) - a study of 133 people found that 80% of those with RLS also had PLMS. [ 18 ]
Camptocormia, also known as bent spine syndrome (BSS), is a symptom of a multitude of diseases that is most commonly seen in the elderly. It is identified by an abnormal thoracolumbar spinal flexion, which is a forward bending of the lower joints of the spine, occurring in a standing position.
Elderly people are also at a heightened risk for developing TD, [10] as are females and those with organic brain injuries or diabetes mellitus and those with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. [25] TD is also more common in those that experience acute neurological side effects from antipsychotic drug treatment. [25]
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Essential tremor (ET), also called benign tremor, familial tremor, and idiopathic tremor, is a medical condition characterized by involuntary rhythmic contractions and relaxations (oscillations or twitching movements) of certain muscle groups in one or more body parts of unknown cause. [6]
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis–Ekbom disease (WED), is a neurological disorder, usually chronic, that causes an overwhelming urge to move one's legs. [2] [10] There is often an unpleasant feeling in the legs that improves temporarily by moving them. [2]
A similar phenomenon to somniloquy named hypnogely has been observed, characterised by the sleeper spontaneously laughing. This phenomenon appears to be fairly common. [ 31 ] In a majority of cases, hypnogely is a genuine behavioural response and benign physiological phenomenon that occurs while the sleeper is dreaming in REM sleep.