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The MOT cloud is loaded from a background of thermal vapour, or from an atomic beam, usually slowed down to the capture velocity using a Zeeman slower. However, the trapping potential in a magneto-optical trap is small in comparison to thermal energies of atoms and most collisions between trapped atoms and the background gas supply enough ...
Showing wall boundary condition. The most common boundary that comes upon in confined fluid flow problems is the wall of the conduit. The appropriate requirement is called the no-slip boundary condition, wherein the normal component of velocity is fixed at zero, and the tangential component is set equal to the velocity of the wall. [1]
One example of standard conditions for the calculation of SCCM is = 0 °C (273.15 K) [1] and = 1.01 bar (14.72 psia) and a unity compressibility factor = 1 (i.e., an ideal gas is used for the definition of SCCM). [2] This example is for the semi-conductor-manufacturing industry.
For example, in the 2-dimensional FHP Model each lattice node is connected to its neighbors by 6 lattice velocities on a triangular lattice; there can be either 0 or 1 particles at a lattice node moving with a given lattice velocity. After a time interval, each particle will move to the neighboring node in its direction; this process is called ...
Back pressure is the term used for the hydraulic pressure required to create a flow through a chromatography column in high-performance liquid chromatography, the term deriving from the fact that it is generated by the resistance of the column, and exerts its influence backwards on the pump that must supply the flow.
Specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity are dependent on the nozzle design unlike the characteristic velocity, explaining why C-star is an important value when comparing different propulsion system efficiencies. c* can be useful when comparing actual combustion performance to theoretical performance in order to determine how completely ...
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant , expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance , rather than energy per temperature increment per particle .
Henri Moissan's 1892 record of fluorine gas color, viewed end-on in a 5‑m tube. Air (1) is on the left, fluorine (2) is in the middle, chlorine (3) is on the right. Fluorine forms diatomic molecules (F 2) that are gaseous at room temperature with a density about 1.3 times that of air.