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Electrolyte disturbances are involved in many disease processes and are an important part of patient management in medicine. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The causes, severity, treatment, and outcomes of these disturbances can differ greatly depending on the implicated electrolyte. [ 3 ]
Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium (K +) in the blood. [6] [1] Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0 mEq/L) with levels above 5.5 mmol/L defined as hyperkalemia. [3] [4] Typically hyperkalemia does not cause symptoms. [1] Occasionally when severe it can cause palpitations, muscle pain, muscle weakness ...
Hence, British guidelines append the letter "P" to the stage of chronic kidney disease if protein loss is significant. [63] Stage 1: Slightly diminished function; kidney damage with normal or relatively high GFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and persistent albuminuria. Kidney damage is defined as pathological abnormalities or markers of damage ...
On their own this group of drugs may raise potassium levels beyond the normal range, termed hyperkalemia, which risks potentially fatal arrhythmias. Triamterene, specifically, is a potential nephrotoxin and up to half of the patients on it can have crystalluria or urinary casts.
Overdoses cause hyperkalemia, which can lead to paresthesia, cardiac conduction blocks, fibrillation, arrhythmias, and sclerosis. [ 13 ] Because of the risk of small-bowel lesions, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires some potassium salts containing more than 99 mg (about 1.3 mEq) to be labeled with a warning, [ 14 ] while ...
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis causes episodes of extreme muscle weakness, with attacks often beginning in childhood. [1] Depending on the type and severity of the HyperKPP, it can increase or stabilize until the fourth or fifth decade where attacks may cease, decline, or, depending on the type, continue on into old age.
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However, if hyperkalemia causes any ECG change it is considered a medical emergency [12] due to a risk of potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms and is treated urgently. [12] Potassium levels greater than 6.5 to 7.0 mmol/L in the absence of ECG changes are managed aggressively. [12] Several approaches are used to treat hyperkalemia. [12]