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For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...
As of 2020, BERT is a ubiquitous baseline in natural language processing (NLP) experiments. [3] BERT is trained by masked token prediction and next sentence prediction. As a result of this training process, BERT learns contextual, latent representations of tokens in their context, similar to ELMo and GPT-2. [4]
BERT pioneered an approach involving the use of a dedicated [CLS] token prepended to the beginning of each sentence inputted into the model; the final hidden state vector of this token encodes information about the sentence and can be fine-tuned for use in sentence classification tasks. In practice however, BERT's sentence embedding with the ...
The model, as well as the code base and the data used to train it, are distributed under free licences. [3] BLOOM was trained on approximately 366 billion (1.6TB) tokens from March to July 2022. [4] [5] BLOOM is the main outcome of the BigScience collaborative initiative, [6] a one-year-long research workshop that took place between May 2021 ...
A lexical token is a string with an assigned and thus identified meaning, in contrast to the probabilistic token used in large language models. A lexical token consists of a token name and an optional token value. The token name is a category of a rule-based lexical unit. [2]
Selection bias refers the inherent tendency of large language models to favor certain option identifiers irrespective of the actual content of the options. This bias primarily stems from token bias—that is, the model assigns a higher a priori probability to specific answer tokens (such as “A”) when generating responses.
NMT systems overcome this by not having a hard cut-off after a fixed number of tokens and by using attention to choosing which tokens to focus on when generating the next token. [37]: 900–901 End-to-end training of a single model improved translation performance and also simplified the whole process. [citation needed]
Previously, the best-performing neural NLP models commonly employed supervised learning from large amounts of manually-labeled data, which made it prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to train extremely large language models. [2] The first GPT model was known as "GPT-1," and it was followed by "GPT-2" in February 2019.