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[1] [2] Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these. [3]
Diagram of an animal cell with only the vacuole labelled: Date: 15 April 2009: Source: File:Biological_cell.svg: Author: MesserWoland and Szczepan1990 modified by smartse: Permission (Reusing this file) Own work, copyleft: Multi-license with GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY-SA-2.5 and older versions (2.0 and 1.0) Other versions: File:Biological ...
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Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita. The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40 and 98% of the cell. [145] The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle. [146]
Valonia ventricosa has a coenocytic structure with multiple nuclei and chloroplasts. [5] This organism possesses a large central vacuole that is multilobular in structure (lobules radiating from a central spheroid region).
The smallest known contractile vacuoles belong to Chlamydomonas, with a diameter of 1.5 μm. In Paramecium, which has one of the most complex contractile vacuoles, the vacuole is surrounded by several canals, which absorb water by osmosis from the cytoplasm. After the canals fill with water, the water is pumped into the vacuole.
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These vacuoles are what account for the size that scientists had previously thought impossible, and account for roughly 98% of the cell volume. [32] Because of the vast size of the liquid central vacuole, the cytoplasm separating the vacuole and the cell membrane is a very thin layer