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Otto announced Bootstrap 4 on October 29, 2014. [15] The first alpha version of Bootstrap 4 was released on August 19, 2015. [16] The first beta version was released on August 10, 2017. [17] Otto suspended work on Bootstrap 3 on September 6, 2016, to free up time to work on Bootstrap 4. Bootstrap 4 was finalized on January 18, 2018. [18]
The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix. The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group , led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
CSS Flexible Box Layout, commonly known as Flexbox, [2] is a CSS web layout model. [4] It is in the W3C 's candidate recommendation (CR) stage. [ 2 ] The flex layout allows responsive elements within a container to be automatically arranged depending on viewport (device screen) size.
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns. [15] [16] [17] He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach [clarification needed], device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.
A CSS framework is a library allowing for easier, more standards-compliant web design using the Cascading Style Sheets language. Most of these frameworks contain at least a grid . More functional frameworks also come with more features and additional JavaScript based functions, but are mostly design oriented and focused around interactive UI ...
Material Design (codenamed Quantum Paper) [4] is a design language developed by Google in 2014. Expanding on the "cards" that debuted in Google Now , Material Design uses more grid-based layouts, responsive animations and transitions, padding, and depth effects such as lighting and shadows.
For example, the variant md:bg-yellow-400 will apply the class bg-yellow-400 if the screen size is at least the value defined for md. Tailwind CSS is developed using JavaScript , runs via Node.js , and installs with environment package managers like npm or yarn .
This means the graphic design of web pages adjusts dynamically, taking into account the characteristics of the device used (PC, tablet, mobile phone). Version 4.0 has taken a mobile-first approach, designing and developing for mobile devices first, and enhancing the web pages and applications for larger screens.