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In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. . Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to t
The work can be done, for example, by generators, (electrochemical cells) or thermocouples generating an electromotive force. Electric field work is formally equivalent to work by other force fields in physics, [1] and the formalism for electrical work is identical to that of mechanical work.
The rate base can include: cash, working capital, materials and supplies, deductions for accumulated provisions for depreciation, contributions in aid of construction, customer advances for construction, accumulated deferred income taxes, and accumulated deferred investment tax credits, all dependent on the method that is used in the calculation.
A pivot table in BOEMax, a Basis of Estimate software package. To create a BOE companies, throughout the past few decades, have used spreadsheet programs and skilled cost analysts to enter thousands of lines of data and create complex algorithms to calculate the costs. These positions require a high level of skill to ensure accuracy and ...
The cost of a electricity production depends on costs during the expected lifetime of the generator and the amount of electricity the generator is expected to produce over its lifetime. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is the average cost in currency per energy unit, for example, EUR per kilowatt-hour or AUD per megawatt-hour. [3]
The traditional rate formula is intended to produce a utility's revenue requirement: R = O + (V − D)r. The elements of the traditional rate formula are defined as: R is the utility's total revenue requirement or rate level. This is the total amount of money a regulator allows a utility to collect from customers.
The most basic element of a cost estimate and therefore the cost database is the estimate line item or work item. [3] An example is "Concrete, 4000 psi (30 MPa)," which is the description of the item. In the cost database, an item is a row or record in a table (of items) and the description is a column or field for that record.
A bill of quantities is a document used in tendering in the construction industry in which materials, parts, and labor (and their costs) are itemized.It also (ideally) details the terms and conditions of the construction or repair contract and itemizes all work to enable a contractor to price the work for which he or she is bidding.