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In mathematics, a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f(a − x) and f(x). It is a special case of a functional equation . It is common in mathematical literature to use the term "functional equation" for what are specifically reflection formulae.
Illustration of the sum formula. Draw a horizontal line (the x -axis); mark an origin O. Draw a line from O at an angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } above the horizontal line and a second line at an angle β {\displaystyle \beta } above that; the angle between the second line and the x -axis is α + β . {\displaystyle \alpha +\beta .}
The table of the initial values of () (these values are also called the "figurate numbers for the n-dimensional cross polytopes" in the OEIS [6]) may illustrate the recursion formula (1), which can be taken to mean that each entry is the sum of the three neighboring entries: to its left, above and above left, e.g. () = = + +.
They are named for the parity of the powers of the power functions which satisfy each condition: the function () = is even if n is an even integer, and it is odd if n is an odd integer. Even functions are those real functions whose graph is self-symmetric with respect to the y -axis, and odd functions are those whose graph is self-symmetric ...
Notice that the cancellation of a pair of identical reflections reduces the number of reflections by an even number, preserving the parity of the sequence; also notice that the identity has even parity. Therefore all isometries form a group, and even isometries a subgroup. (Odd isometries do not include the identity, so are not a subgroup).
In a Euclidean vector space, the reflection in the point situated at the origin is the same as vector negation. Other examples include reflections in a line in three-dimensional space. Typically, however, unqualified use of the term "reflection" means reflection in a hyperplane. Some mathematicians use "flip" as a synonym for "reflection". [2 ...
An antipalindromic polynomial over a field k with odd characteristic is a multiple of x – 1 (it has 1 as a root) and its quotient by x – 1 is palindromic. An antipalindromic polynomial of even degree is a multiple of x 2 – 1 (it has −1 and 1 as roots) and its quotient by x 2 – 1 is palindromic.
The complexity of the three-term recurrence relation is one of the reasons there are few simple formulas and identities involving Mathieu functions. [ 20 ] In practice, Mathieu functions and the corresponding characteristic numbers can be calculated using pre-packaged software, such as Mathematica , Maple , MATLAB , and SciPy .