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The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [3]: ND22, ND23
In contrast, direct methods attempt to solve the problem by a finite sequence of operations. In the absence of rounding errors , direct methods would deliver an exact solution (for example, solving a linear system of equations A x = b {\displaystyle A\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {b} } by Gaussian elimination ).
Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields.
Closer to the Collatz problem is the following universally quantified problem: Given g, does the sequence of iterates g k (n) reach 1, for all n > 0? Modifying the condition in this way can make a problem either harder or easier to solve (intuitively, it is harder to justify a positive answer but might be easier to justify a negative one).
The relatively few sequences one is required to memorize makes it one of the easiest solutions to remember — but this incurs the cost of a relatively high number of moves for a solution — about 100 moves average according to the book on page 54. The author claims he can solve random cube problems by this method in about 2 1/2 minutes (IBID ...
General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS works with means–ends analysis .
The function can be extended to sequences of actions by the following recursive equations: (, [ ]) = (, [,, …,]) = ( (,), [, …,]) A plan for a STRIPS instance is a sequence of actions such that the state that results from executing the actions in order from the initial state satisfies the goal conditions.
Poole's multiple sequence model states that different groups make decisions through the applications of different sequences. This model rejects the idea that decision making occurs in separate, succinct phases, as other rational phase models suggest. [1] Rather, Poole theorized that decision making occurs in clusters of linking communication.