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The prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by the Guru's followers, gurmukhs (literally, those who face, or follow, the Guru, as opposed to a manmukh); the script thus came to be known as gurmukhī, "the script of those guided by the Guru."
Shahmukhi (Punjabi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː]; lit. ' from the king's mouth '; Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ) is a right-to-left abjad script, developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet, used for the Punjabi language, predominantly in Pakistan.
An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda: the earliest parts of this text date to c. 1500 BC, [1] while the oldest known manuscripts date to c. 1040 AD. [2] Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD. [3]
The Guru Granth Sahib is written in the Gurmukhi script in various languages including Punjabi, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindi languages (Braj Bhasha, Bangru, Awadhi, Old Hindi), Bhojpuri, Sindhi, Marathi, Marwari, Bengali, Persian and Arabic. Copies in these languages often have the generic title of Sant Bhasha. [9]
Punjabi-language manuscript of the Ekadashi Mahatam written in a Punjabi variant of Sharada script, ca.1200–1300. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the Nath Yogi era from the 9th to the 14th centuries. [1] They referred to God with various names such as "Alakh Nirajan" which are still prevalent in Punjabi vernacular. [1]
[6] [4] These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the Braj language (Old western Hindi), [6] with some parts in Avadhi, Punjabi, Hindi and Persian. [4] The script is written almost entirely in Gurmukhi, except for the Guru Gobind Singh's letters to Aurangzeb—Zafarnama and the Hikaaitaan—written in the Persian alphabet. [4]
Mahājanī, a script previously used for the Punjabi and Mārwāṛī, was taught to students from merchant and trading classes for business, and was similar to other accounting scripts like Sarrāfī ("of bankers"), Koṭhīvāl, and Baniauṭī ("of merchants"). Attested mostly from merchant documents, bills of exchange, and letters.
A Punjabi Qissa (Punjabi: پنجابی قصہ , ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕ਼ਿੱਸਾ ; plural: Qisse) is a tradition of Punjabi language oral story-telling that emerged in Punjab region of eastern Pakistan and northwestern India, with the fusion of local Punjabi people and migrants from the Arabian peninsula and contemporary Iran.