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Also playing a major role in consolidating and standardizing the Punjabi language, it served as the main medium of literacy in Punjab and adjoining areas for centuries when the earliest schools were attached to gurdwaras. [26] The first natively produced grammars of the Punjabi language were written in the 1860s in Gurmukhi. [37]
Shahmukhi (Punjabi: شاہ مُکھی, pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː]; lit. ' from the king's mouth '; Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ) is a right-to-left abjad script, developed from the Perso-Arabic alphabet, used for the Punjabi language, predominantly in Pakistan.
Punjabi, [g] sometimes spelled Panjabi, [h] is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.It is one of the most widely spoken native languages in the world with approximately 150 million native speakers.
Punjabi-language manuscript of the Ekadashi Mahatam written in a Punjabi variant of Sharada script, ca.1200–1300. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to the Nath Yogi era from the 9th to the 14th centuries. [1] They referred to God with various names such as "Alakh Nirajan" which are still prevalent in Punjabi vernacular. [1]
Mahājanī, a script previously used for the Punjabi and Mārwāṛī, was taught to students from merchant and trading classes for business, and was similar to other accounting scripts like Sarrāfī ("of bankers"), Koṭhīvāl, and Baniauṭī ("of merchants"). Attested mostly from merchant documents, bills of exchange, and letters.
Being the official script for Hindi, Devanagari is officially used in the Union Government of India as well as several Indian states where Hindi is an official language, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the Indian union territories of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli ...
Although the first known text by native speakers dates to 1885, the first record of the language is a list of words recorded in 1793 by Alexander MacKenzie. 1885: Motu: grammar by W.G. Lawes: 1886: Guugu Yimidhirr: notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language ...
The Guru Granth Sahib is written in the Gurmukhi script in various languages including Punjabi, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindi languages (Braj Bhasha, Bangru, Awadhi, Old Hindi), Bhojpuri, Sindhi, Marathi, Marwari, Bengali, Persian and Arabic. Copies in these languages often have the generic title of Sant Bhasha. [9]