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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
The following table gives formula for the spring that is equivalent to a system of two springs, in series or in parallel, whose spring constants are and . [1] The compliance c {\displaystyle c} of a spring is the reciprocal 1 / k {\displaystyle 1/k} of its spring constant.)
For a stretched spring fixed at one end obeying Hooke's law, the elastic potential energy is = where r 2 and r 1 are collinear coordinates of the free end of the spring, in the direction of the extension/compression, and k is the spring constant.
A spring that obeys Hooke's Law with spring constant k will have a total system energy E of: [14] E = ( 1 2 ) k A 2 {\displaystyle E=\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)kA^{2}} Here, A is the amplitude of the wave-like motion that is produced by the oscillating behavior of the spring.
A mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k exhibits simple harmonic motion in closed space. The equation for describing the period: = shows the period of oscillation is independent of the amplitude, though in practice the amplitude should be small. The above equation is also valid in the case when an additional constant force is being ...
The S.I. unit for the mold constant B is seconds per metre squared (s/m 2). [4] According to Askeland, the constant n is usually 2, however Degarmo claims it is between 1.5 and 2. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] The mold constant B can be calculated using the following formula:
Boltzmann constant: 1.380 649 × 10 −23 J⋅K −1: 0 [5] Newtonian constant of gravitation: 6.674 30 (15) × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2: 2.2 × 10 −5 [6] cosmological constant: 1.089(29) × 10 −52 m −2 [c] 1.088(30) × 10 −52 m −2 [d] 0.027 0.028 [7] [8]
PV work is often measured in units of litre-atmospheres where 1 L·atm = 101.325 J. However, the litre-atmosphere is not a recognized unit in the SI system of units, which measures P in pascals (Pa), V in m 3, and PV in joules (J), where 1 J = 1 Pa·m 3. PV work is an important topic in chemical thermodynamics.