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  2. Well-ordering principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-ordering_principle

    Well-ordering principle. In mathematics, the well-ordering principle states that every non-empty subset of nonnegative integers contains a least element. [ 1] In other words, the set of nonnegative integers is well-ordered by its "natural" or "magnitude" order in which precedes if and only if is either or the sum of and some nonnegative integer ...

  3. Extrapolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation

    Extrapolation. In mathematics, extrapolation is a type of estimation, beyond the original observation range, of the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation, which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a higher risk ...

  4. Lagrange multiplier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_multiplier

    Lagrange multiplier. In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equation constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables ). [ 1]

  5. Knapsack problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem

    Definition. The most common problem being solved is the 0-1 knapsack problem, which restricts the number of copies of each kind of item to zero or one. Given a set of items numbered from 1 up to , each with a weight and a value , along with a maximum weight capacity , subject to and . Here represents the number of instances of item to include ...

  6. Mathematical optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization

    Mathematical optimization. Graph of a surface given by z = f ( x, y) = − ( x ² + y ²) + 4. The global maximum at ( x, y, z) = (0, 0, 4) is indicated by a blue dot. Nelder-Mead minimum search of Simionescu's function. Simplex vertices are ordered by their values, with 1 having the lowest ( best) value. Mathematical optimization ...

  7. Variable (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)

    Variable (mathematics) In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object. A variable may represent a number, a vector, a matrix, a function, the argument of a function, a set, or an element of a set. [ 1]

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