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Articles 2–7 consider the passage of merchant ships. Articles 8–22 consider the passage of war vessels. The key principle — freedom of passage and navigation — is laid out in articles 1 and 2. Article 1 provides, "The High Contracting Parties recognise and affirm the principle of freedom of passage and navigation by sea in the Straits".
The Constitution was created after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of the First World War. [3] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who then became Turkey's first President was a key driver in preparing this Constitution. [3] Mustafa Kemal announced the election of a new assembly to meet in Turkey's capital, Ankara. [3]
The negotiations took many months. On 20 November 1922, the peace conference was opened; the treaty was signed on 24 July after eight months of arduous negotiation, punctuated by several Turkish withdrawals. The Allied delegation included U.S. Admiral Mark L. Bristol, who served as the United States High Commissioner and supported Turkish efforts.
It was approved in a referendum held on 9 July 1961, [1] with 61.7% of the nation voting in favor. It remained in force until the 1980 coup d'état , following which it was replaced by a new document, the Constitution of 1982 , which remains in force today.
The Turkish parliament formed a committee to compare the civil codes of European countries. Austrian, German, French, and Swiss civil codes were examined. [1] Finally on 25 December 1925 the commission decided on the Swiss civil code as a model for the Turkish civil code. [2] The Turkish Civil Code was enacted on 17 February 1926.
[1] As the government was forced out without dissolving the parliament or suspending the constitution, [2] the event has been famously labelled a "postmodern coup" by the Turkish admiral Salim Dervişoğlu. [1] [3] [4] The process after the coup is alleged to have been organised by the West Working Group, a purported clandestine group within ...
The Battle of Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı döyüşü, Turkish: Bakü Muharebesi, Russian: Битва за Баку) took place in August and September 1918 between the Ottoman–Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and Bolshevik–ARF Baku Soviet forces, later succeeded by the British–Armenian–White Russian forces led by Lionel Dunsterville and saw Soviet Russia briefly re-enter the ...
The Sykes–Picot Agreement (/ ˈ s aɪ k s ˈ p iː k oʊ,-p ɪ ˈ k oʊ,-p iː ˈ k oʊ / [1]) was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from Russia and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.