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Sea-based blowhole Land-based blowhole. In geology, a blowhole or marine geyser is formed as sea caves grow landward and upward into vertical shafts and expose themselves toward the surface, which can result in hydraulic compression of seawater that is released through a port from the top of the blowhole. [1]
A geo or gio (/ ɡ j oʊ / GYOH, from Old Norse gjá [1]) is an inlet, a gully or a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff. Geos are common on the coastline of the Shetland and Orkney islands. They are created by the wave driven erosion of cliffs along faults and bedding planes in the rock. Geos may have sea caves at their heads. Such sea ...
The sea cave and the land surface become conjoined when the roof of the cave collapses. Blowholes are formed by the process of erosion. When waves enter the mouth of the cave they will be funneled up towards the blowhole, which can become quite spectacular if the geometry and state of the weather are appropriate.
The Pancake Rocks are a heavily eroded limestone formation where the sea bursts through several vertical blowholes during incoming swells, particularly at high tide. The limestone was formed in the Oligocene period (around 22–30 million years old), a period in the geological history of New Zealand where most of the continent of Zealandia was submerged beneath shallow seas. [2]
Blowholes (partially submerged caves that eject large sprays of sea water as waves retreat and allow rapid re-expansion of air compressed within) attest to this process. Adding to the hydraulic power of the waves is the abrasive force of suspended sand and rock.
On windy days when the tide is high, the ocean breeze sends the waves rolling on to the shore where the rock formation then shoots sea spray high into the air through the cave acting like a geyser. The blowhole is most active when the tide is high and the winds are strong, [3] and it can shoot sea spray up to thirty feet high in the air. [4]
A geode (/ ˈ dʒ iː. oʊ d /; from Ancient Greek γεώδης (geṓdēs) 'earthlike') is a geological secondary formation within sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Geodes are hollow, vaguely spherical rocks, in which masses of mineral matter (which may include crystals) are secluded.
the upper formation is the Nullarbor Limestone which is early middle Miocene in age; the Mullamullang member of this formation is a paraconforming member, being separated by 5 million years; [ 16 ] the third member is the Abrakurrie Limestone that was formed in a central depression of the earlier formation; this is late Oligocene to Early ...